Quantification of lactoyl-CoA by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in mammalian cells and tissues

Abstract

Lysine lactoylation is a recently described protein post-translational modification (PTM). However, the biochemical pathways responsible for this acylation remain unclear. Two metabolite-dependent mechanisms have been proposed: enzymatic histone lysine lactoylation derived from lactoyl-coenzyme A (lactoyl-CoA, also termed lactyl-CoA), and non-enzymatic lysine lactoylation resulting from acyl-transfer via lactoyl-glutathione. While the former has precedent in the form of enzyme-catalyzed lysine acylation, the lactoyl-CoA metabolite has not been previously quantified in mammalian systems. Here we use liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) together with a synthetic standard to detect and validate the presence of lactoyl-CoA in cell and tissue samples. Conducting a retrospective analysis of data from previously analyzed samples revealed the presence of lactoyl-CoA in diverse cell and tissue contexts. In addition, we describe a biosynthetic route to generate 13C3 15N1 -isotopically-labeled lactoyl-CoA, providing a co-eluting internal standard for analysis of this metabolite. We estimate lactoyl-CoA concentrations of 1.14×10−8 pmol/cell in cell culture and 0.0172 pmol/mg tissue wet weight in mouse heart. These levels are similar to crotonyl-CoA, but between 20-350 times lower than predominant acyl-CoAs such as acetyl-, propionyl-, and succinyl-CoA. Overall our studies provide the first quantitative measurements of lactoyl-CoA and provide a methodological foundation for the interrogation of this novel metabolite in biology and disease.